The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceanic divisions. With a total area of about 106,400,000 square kilometres (41,100,000 sq mi), it covers approximately twenty percent of the Earth's surface and about twenty-six percent of its water surface area. The first part of its name refers to Atlas of Greek mythology, making the Atlantic the "Sea of Atlas".

The oldest known mention of "Atlantic" is in The Histories of Herodotus around 450 BC (Hdt. 1.202.4): Atlantis thalassa (Greek: Ἀτλαντὶς θάλασσα; English: Sea of Atlas); see also: Atlas Mountains. The term Ethiopic Ocean, derived from Ethiopia, was applied to the southern Atlantic ocean as late as the mid-19th century.^[1] Before Europeans discovered other oceans, the term "ocean" itself was synonymous with the waters beyond the Strait of Gibraltar that we now know as the Atlantic. The early Greeks believed this ocean to be a gigantic river encircling the world.

The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between the Americas to the west, and Eurasia and Africa to the east. As one component of the interconnected global ocean, it is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean (which is sometimes considered a sea of the Atlantic), to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest, the Indian Ocean in the southeast, and the Southern Ocean in the south. (Other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica.) The equator subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean.

[edit] Geography

The Atlantic Ocean as seen from the western coast of Portugal

The Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America. It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the Denmark Strait, Greenland Sea, Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea. To the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe; the Strait of Gibraltar (where it connects with the Mediterranean Sea –one of its marginal seas– and, in turn, the Black Sea) and Africa.

In the southeast, the Atlantic merges into the Indian Ocean. The 20° East meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas to Antarctica defines its border. Some authorities show it extending south to Antarctica, while others show it bounded at the 60° parallel by the Southern Ocean.^[2]

In the southwest, the Drake Passage connects it to the Pacific Ocean. The man-made Panama Canal links the Atlantic and Pacific. Besides those mentioned, other large bodies of water adjacent to the Atlantic are the Caribbean Sea; the Gulf of Mexico; Hudson Bay; the Arctic Ocean; the Mediterranean Sea; the North Sea; the Baltic Sea and the Celtic Sea.

Covering approximately 22% of Earth's surface, the Atlantic is second in size to the Pacific. With its adjacent seas, it occupies an area of about 106,400,000 square kilometres (41,100,000 sq mi); without them, it has an area of 82,400,000 square kilometres (31,800,000 sq mi). The land that drains into the Atlantic covers four times that of either the Pacific or Indian oceans. The volume of the Atlantic with its adjacent seas is 354,700,000 cubic kilometers (85,100,000 cu mi) and without them 323,600,000 cubic kilometres (77,640,000 cu mi).

The average depth of the Atlantic, with its adjacent seas, is 3,339 metres (10,955 ft); without them it is 3,926 metres (12,881 ft). The greatest depth, Milwaukee Deep with 8,605 metres (28,232 ft), is in the Puerto Rico Trench. The Atlantic's width varies from 2,848 kilometres (1,770 mi) between Brazil and Sierra Leone to over 6,400 km (4,000 mi) in the south.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Cultural significance

This section requires expansion.

Transatlantic travel played a major role in the expansion of Western civilization into the Americas. It is the Atlantic that separates the "Old World" from the "New World". In modern times, some idioms refer to the ocean in a humorously diminutive way as the Pond, describing both the geographical and cultural divide between North America and Europe, in particular between the English-speaking nations of both continents. Many British people refer to the USA and Canada as "across the pond", and vice versa.^[3]

[edit] Ocean bottom

Map that uses color to show ocean depth

The principal feature of the bathymetry (bottom topography) is a submarine mountain range called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.^[4] It extends from Iceland in the north to approximately 58° South latitude, reaching a maximum width of about 1,600 kilometres (990 mi). A great rift valley also extends along the ridge over most of its length. The depth of water at the apex of the ridge is less than 2,700 metres (8,900 ft) in most places, the bottom of the ridge is three times as deep and of course several peaks rise above the water and form islands.^[5] The South Atlantic Ocean has an additional submarine ridge, the Walvis Ridge.^[6]

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge separates the Atlantic Ocean into two large troughs with depths from 3,700–5,500 metres (12,100–18,000 ft). Transverse ridges running between the continents and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge divide the ocean floor into numerous basins. Some of the larger basins are the Blake, Guiana, North American, Cape Verde, and Canaries basins in the North Atlantic. The largest South Atlantic basins are the Angola, Cape, Argentina, and Brazil basins.

The deep ocean floor is thought to be fairly flat with occasional deeps, abyssal plains, trenches, seamounts, basins, plateaus, canyons, and some guyots. Various shelves along the margins of the continents constitute about 11% of the bottom topography with few deep channels cut across the continental rise.

Ocean floor trenches and seamounts:

• Puerto Rico Trench, in the North Atlantic, is the deepest trench at 8,605 metres (28,232 ft)^[7]
• Laurentian Abyss is found off the eastern coast of Canada
• South Sandwich Trench reaches a depth of 8,428 metres (27,651 ft)
• Romanche Trench is located near the equator and reaches a depth of about 7,454 metres (24,455 ft).

Ocean sediments are composed of:

• Terrigenous deposits with land origins, consisting of sand, mud, and rock particles formed by erosion, weathering, and volcanic activity on land washed to sea. These materials are found mostly on the continental shelves and are thickest near large river mouths or off desert coasts.
• Pelagic deposits, which contain the remains of organisms that sink to the ocean floor, include red clays and Globigerina, pteropod, and siliceous oozes. Covering most of the ocean floor and ranging in thickness from 60–3,300 metres (200–10,800 ft) they are thickest in the convergence belts, notably at the Hamilton Ridge and in upwelling zones.
• Authigenic deposits consist of such materials as manganese nodules. They occur where sedimentation proceeds slowly or where currents sort the deposits, such as in the Hewett Curve.

[edit] Water characteristics

Path of the thermohaline circulation. Purple paths represent deep-water currents, while blue paths represent surface currents.

Map of the five major ocean gyres

On average, the Atlantic is the saltiest major ocean; surface water salinity in the open ocean ranges from 33 to 37 parts per thousand (3.3 - 3.7%) by mass and varies with latitude and season. Evaporation, precipitation, river inflow and sea ice melting influence surface salinity values. Although the salinity values are just north of the equator (because of heavy tropical rainfall), in general the lowest values are in the high latitudes and along coasts where large rivers enter. Maximum salinity values occur at about 25° north and south, in subtropical regions with low rainfall and high evaporation.

Surface water temperatures, which vary with latitude, current systems, and season and reflect the latitudinal distribution of solar energy, range from below −2 °C (28 °F). Maximum temperatures occur north of the equator, and minimum values are found in the polar regions. In the middle latitudes, the area of maximum temperature variations, values may vary by 7-8 °C (12-15 °F).

The Atlantic Ocean consists of four major water masses. The North and South Atlantic central waters make up the surface. The sub-Antarctic intermediate water extends to depths of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). The North Atlantic Deep Water reaches depths of as much as 4,000 metres (13,000 ft). The Antarctic Bottom Water occupies ocean basins at depths greater than 4,000 meters.

Within the North Atlantic, ocean currents isolate the Sargasso Sea, a large elongated body of water, with above average salinity. The Sargasso Sea contains large amounts of seaweed and is also the spawning ground for both the European eel and the American eel.

The Coriolis effect circulates North Atlantic water in a clockwise direction, whereas South Atlantic water circulates counter-clockwise. The south tides in the Atlantic Ocean are semi-diurnal; that is, two high tides occur during each 24 lunar hours. In latitudes above 40° North some east-west oscillation occurs.

[edit] Climate

Waves in the trade winds in the Atlantic Ocean—areas of converging winds that move along the same track as the prevailing wind—create instabilities in the atmosphere that may lead to the formation of hurricanes.

Climate is influenced by the temperatures of the surface waters and water currents as well as winds. Because of the ocean's great heat retention capacity, maritime climates are more moderate and have less extreme seasonal variations than inland climates. Precipitation can be approximated from coastal weather data and air temperature from water temperatures.

The oceans are the major source of the atmospheric moisture that is obtained through evaporation. Climatic zones vary with latitude; the warmest zones stretch across the Atlantic north of the equator. The coldest zones are in high latitudes, with the coldest regions corresponding to the areas covered by sea ice. Ocean currents influence climate by transporting warm and cold waters to other regions. The winds that are cooled or warmed when blowing over these currents influence adjacent land areas.

The Gulf Stream and its northern extension towards Europe, the North Atlantic Drift, for example, warms the atmosphere of the British Isles and north-western Europe, and the cold water currents contribute to heavy fog off the coast of eastern Canada (the Grand Banks of Newfoundland area) and Africa's north-western coast. In general, winds transport moisture and air over land areas. Hurricanes develop in the southern part of the North Atlantic Ocean.

[edit] History

Animation of showing the separation of Pangaea, which formed the Atlantic Ocean known today

The Atlantic Ocean appears to be the second youngest of the five oceans. It did not exist prior to 130 million years ago, when the continents that formed from the breakup of the ancestral super continent Pangaea were drifting apart from seafloor spreading. The Atlantic has been extensively explored since the earliest settlements along its shores.

The Vikings, the Portuguese, and the Spaniards were the most famous among early explorers. After Columbus, European exploration rapidly accelerated, and many new trade routes were established.

As a result, the Atlantic became and remains the major artery between Europe and the Americas (known as transatlantic trade). Scientific explorations include the Challenger expedition, the German Meteor expedition, Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and the United States Navy Hydrographic Office.

[edit] Notable crossings

Ra II, a ship built from papyrus, was successfully sailed across the Atlantic by Thor Heyerdahl proving that it was possible to cross the Atlantic from Africa using such boats in early epochs of history.

• In 1000, the Icelander, Leif Ericson was the first European to discover North America's Atlantic coast, including Vinland. The Norse discovery was documented in the 13th century Icelandic Sagas and was corroborated by recent L'Anse aux Meadows archeological evidence.
• In 1003, Thorfinnr Karlsefni led an attempted Viking settlement in North America but was driven off by the natives.
• In 1004, Snorri Thorfinnsson was the first European born on the American continent.
• In 1419 and 1427, Portuguese navigators reached Madeira and Azores, respectively.
• From 1415 to 1488, Portuguese navigators sailed along the Western African coast, reaching the Cape of Good Hope.
• In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed on the island of San Salvador in The Bahamas.
• In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral reached Brazil.
• In 1524, Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano discovered the United States of America's east coast.
• In 1764 William Harrison (the son of John Harrison) sailed aboard the HMS Tartar, with the H-4 time piece. The voyage became the basis for the invention of the global system of Longitude.
• In 1858, Cyrus West Field laid the first transatlantic telegraph cable (it quickly failed).
• In 1865 Brunel's ship the SS Great Eastern laid the first successful transatlantic telegraph cable .
• In 1896 Frank Samuelsen and George Harbo from Norway became the first people to ever row across the Atlantic Ocean.
• On April 15, 1912 the RMS Titanic sank after hitting an iceberg with a loss of more than 1,500 lives.^[8]
• 1914-1918, the First Battle of the Atlantic took place.
• In 1919, the American NC-4 became the first fixed-wing aircraft (seaplane) to cross the Atlantic (though it made a couple of landings on islands and the sea along the way, and taxied several hundred miles).
• Later in 1919, a British aeroplane piloted by Alcock and Brown made the first non-stop transatlantic flight, from Newfoundland to Ireland.
• In 1921, the British were the first to cross the North Atlantic in an airship.
• In 1922, Sacadura Cabral and Gago Coutinho were the first to cross the South Atlantic in an airship.
• In 1927, Charles Lindbergh made the first solo non-stop transatlantic flight in an aircraft (between New York City and Paris).
• In 1932, Amelia Earhart became the first female to make a solo flight across the Atlantic
• 1939-1945, the Second Battle of the Atlantic. Nearly 3,700 Allied ships were sunk at a cost of 783 German U-boats.^[9]
• In 1952, Ann Davison was the first woman to single-handedly sail the Atlantic Ocean.
• In 1969 and 1970 Thor Heyerdahl launched expeditions to cross the Atlantic in boats built from papyrus. He succeeded in crossing the Atlantic from Morocco to Barbados after a two-month voyage of 6,100 km with Ra II in 1970, thus conclusively proving that boats such as the Ra could have sailed with the Canary Current across the Atlantic in prehistoric times.^[10]
• In 1975, Fons Oerlemans crossed the Atlantic in 82 days, starting from Safi (Morocco) to Trinidad and Tobago, on a selfmade raft.
• In 1980, Gérard d'Aboville was the first man to cross the Atlantic Ocean rowing.
• In 1984, Five Argentines sail in a 10 meters long raft made from tree trunks named Atlantis from Canary Islands and after 52 days 3,000 miles (4,800 km) journey arrived to Venezuela in an attempt to prove travelers from Africa may have crossed the Atlantic before Christopher Columbus.^[11][12]
• In 1994, Guy Delage was the first man to allegedly swim across the Atlantic Ocean (with the help of a kick board, from Cape Verde to Barbados).
• In 1998, Benoît Lecomte was the first man to swim across the northern Atlantic Ocean without a kick board, stopping for only one week in the Azores.
• In 1999, after rowing for 81 days and 4,767 kilometres (2,962 mi), Tori Murden became the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by rowboat alone when she reached Guadeloupe from the Canary Islands.

[edit] Ethiopic Ocean

The Aethiopian Sea, Ethiopic Ocean or Ethiopian Ocean (Okeanos Aithiopos), is an old name for what is now called the South Atlantic Ocean, which is separated from the North Atlantic Ocean by a narrow region between Natal, Brazil and Monrovia, Liberia. The use of this term illustrates a past trend towards referring to the whole continent of Africa by the name Aethiopia. The modern nation of Ethiopia, in northeast Africa, is nowhere near the Ethiopic Ocean, which would be said to lie off the west coast of Africa. The term Ethiopian Ocean sometimes appeared until the mid-19th century.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Economy

The Atlantic has contributed significantly to the development and economy of surrounding countries. Besides major transatlantic transportation and communication routes, the Atlantic offers abundant petroleum deposits in the sedimentary rocks of the continental shelves. The Atlantic hosts the world's richest fishing resources, especially in the waters covering the shelves. The major fish are cod, haddock, hake, herring, and mackerel.

The most productive areas include Newfoundland's Grand Banks, the Nova Scotia shelf, Georges Bank off Cape Cod, the Bahama Banks, the waters around Iceland, the Irish Sea, the Dogger Bank of the North Sea, and the Falkland Banks. Eel, lobster, and whales appear in great quantities. Various international treaties attempt to reduce pollution caused by environmental threats such as oil spills, marine debris, and the incineration of toxic wastes at sea.

[edit] Terrain

From October to June the surface is usually covered with sea ice in the Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and Baltic Sea. A clockwise warm-water gyre occupies the northern Atlantic, and a counter-clockwise warm-water gyre appears in the southern Atlantic. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a rugged north-south centerline for the entire Atlantic basin, first discovered by the Challenger Expedition dominates the ocean floor. This was formed by the vulcanism that also formed the ocean floor and the islands rising from it.

The Atlantic has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays, gulfs, and seas. These include the Norwegian Sea, Baltic Sea, North Sea, Labrador Sea, Black Sea, Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Bay of Fundy, Gulf of Maine, Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea.

Islands include Greenland, Iceland, Faroe Islands, Great Britain (including numerous surrounding islands), Ireland, Rockall, Newfoundland, Sable Island, Azores, Madeira, Bermuda, Canary Islands, Caribbean, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Annobón Province, Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Ascension Island, Saint Helena, The Islands of Trindad, Tristan da Cunha, Gough Island (Also known as Diego Alvarez), Falkland Islands, Tierra del Fuego, South Georgia Island, South Sandwich Islands, and Bouvet Island.

[edit] Natural resources

The Atlantic harbors petroleum and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales), sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, and precious stones.

[edit] Natural hazards

Iceberg A22A in the South Atlantic Ocean

Icebergs are common from February to August in the Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the northwestern Atlantic and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda and Madeira. Ships are subject to superstructure icing in the extreme north from October to May. Persistent fog can be a maritime hazard from May to September, as can hurricanes north of the equator (May to December).

The United States' southeast coast has a long history of shipwrecks due to its many shoals and reefs. The Virginia and North Carolina coasts were particularly dangerous.

The Bermuda Triangle is popularly believed to be the site of numerous aviation and shipping incidents because of unexplained and supposedly mysterious causes, but Coast Guard records do not support this belief.

Hurricanes are also a natural hazard in the Atlantic, but mainly in the northern part of the ocean, rarely tropical cyclones form in the southern parts. Hurricanes usually form between June 1 and November 30 of every year. The most notable hurricane in the Atlantic would be Hurricane Katrina in the 2005 season.

[edit] Current environmental issues

Endangered marine species include the manatee, seals, sea lions, turtles, and whales. Drift net fishing can kill dolphins, albatrosses and other seabirds (petrels, auks), hastening the fish stock decline and contributing to international disputes.^[13] Municipal pollution comes from the eastern United States, southern Brazil, and eastern Argentina; oil pollution in the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Lake Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea; and industrial waste and municipal sewage pollution in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea.

In 2005, there was some concern that warm northern European currents were slowing down, but no scientific consensus formed from that evidence.^[14]

On June 7, 2006, Florida's wildlife commission voted to take the manatee off the state's endangered species list. Some environmentalists worry that this could erode safeguards for the popular sea creature.

[edit] Marine pollution

Marine pollution is a generic term for the entry into the ocean of potentially hazardous chemicals or particles. The biggest culprits are rivers and with them many agriculture fertilizer chemicals as well as livestock and human waste. The excess of oxygen-depleting chemicals leads to hypoxia and the creation of a dead zone.^[15]

Marine debris, which is also known as marine litter, describes human-created waste floating in a body of water. Oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of gyres and coastlines, frequently washing aground where it is known as beach litter.

[edit] Bordering countries and territories

The states (territories in italics) with a coastline on the Atlantic Ocean (excluding the Baltic and Mediterranean Seas) are:

[edit] Europe

[edit] Africa

[edit] South America

[edit] Caribbean

[edit] Central and North America

[edit] Major ports and harbours

[edit] See also

	Environment portal
	Ecology portal
	Geography portal
	Weather portal

• List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean
• Ocean Highway
• Seven Seas
• Aethiopian Sea
• Transatlantic crossing
  • Age of Discovery
  • Middle Passage
    • Atlantic slave trade
  • Transatlantic flight
• Battle of the Atlantic
• Borders of the oceans#Atlantic Ocean
• Gulf Stream shutdown
• History of the Atlantic Ocean articles
• Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
• Atlantic hurricanes

[edit] References

Bordering countries and territories

The states (territories in italics) with a coastline on the Atlantic Ocean (excluding the Baltic and Mediterranean Seas) are:

[edit] Europe

•  Belgium
•  Denmark
•  Germany
•  Spain
•  France
•  Faroe Islands
•  Guernsey
•  Isle of Man
•  Ireland
•  Iceland
•  Jersey
•  Netherlands
•  Norway
•  Portugal
•  Sweden
•  United Kingdom

[edit] Africa

•  Morocco
•  Angola
•  Benin
•  Bouvet Island
•  Côte d'Ivoire
•  Cameroon
•  Democratic Republic of the Congo
•  Republic of the Congo
•  Cape Verde
•  Western Sahara (claimed by Morocco)
•  Spain (Canary Islands)
•  Gabon
•  Ghana
•  Guinea
•  Gambia
•  Guinea-Bissau
•  Equatorial Guinea
•  Liberia
•  Mauritania
•  Namibia
•  Nigeria
•  Senegal
•  Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
•  Sierra Leone
•  São Tomé and Príncipe
•  Togo
•  South Africa

[edit] South America

•  Argentina
•  Brazil
•  Chile
•  Colombia
•  Falkland Islands
•  France (French Guiana)
•  Guyana
•  South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
•  Suriname
•  Uruguay
•  Venezuela

[edit] Caribbean

•  Aruba
•  Anguilla
•  Antigua and Barbuda
•  Bahamas
•  Saint Barthélemy
•  Barbados
•  Cuba
•  Curaçao
•  Cayman Islands
•  Dominica
•  Dominican Republic
•  France (Martinique and Guadeloupe)
•  Grenada
•  Haiti
•  Jamaica
•  Saint Lucia
•  Saint Martin
•  Montserrat
•  Netherlands (Caribbean Netherlands)
•  Puerto Rico
•  Saint Kitts and Nevis
•  Sint Maarten
•  Turks and Caicos Islands
•  Trinidad and Tobago
•  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
•  British Virgin Islands
•  United States Virgin Islands

[edit] Central and North America

•  Belize
•  Bermuda
•  Canada
•  Costa Rica
•  Greenland
•  Guatemala
•  Honduras
•  Mexico
•  Nicaragua
•  Panama
•  Saint Pierre and Miquelon
•  United States

[edit] Major ports and harbours

Main article: List of ports and harbours of the Atlantic Ocean

[edit] See also

	Environment portal
	Ecology portal
	Geography portal
	Weather portal

• List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean
• Ocean Highway
• Seven Seas
• Aethiopian Sea
• Transatlantic crossing
  • Age of Discovery
  • Middle Passage
    • Atlantic slave trade
  • Transatlantic flight
• Battle of the Atlantic
• Borders of the oceans#Atlantic Ocean
• Gulf Stream shutdown
• History of the Atlantic Ocean articles
• Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
• Atlantic hurricanes

[edit] References

1. ^ George Ripley; Charles Anderson Dana (1873). The American cyclopaedia: a popular dictionary of general knowledge. Appleton. pp. 69–. http://books.google.com/books?id=ROQXAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA69. Retrieved 15 April 2011. 
2. ^ Limits of Oceans and Seas. International Hydrographic Organization Special Publication No. 23, 1953.
3. ^ Example: BBC Click - Episode 04 April 2009
4. ^ Hsü, Kenneth J. (1992) Challenger at Sea, Princeton, Princeton University Press, page 57
5. ^ The Mediterranean Was a Desert" by Kenneth J. Hsü, illustration 13.
6. ^ National Geographic Atlas of the World: Revised Sixth Edition, National Geographic Society, 1992
7. ^ http://www.sea-seek.com/site/Milwaukee_Deep
8. ^ http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5gtFxhb2bKIQLIxaRF0qB0x7k4yvgD93RLE680
9. ^ "Introduction" U-Boat Operations of the Second World War—Vol 1 by Wynn, Kenneth, 1998 p. 1
10. ^ Ryne, Linn.[1]. Retrieved 2008-01-13.
11. ^ 5 cross Atlantic in tiny raft 12jul84
12. ^ Expedicion Atlantis (Spanish)
13. ^ animallaw.info: Problems and Prospects for the Pelagic Driftnet
14. ^ Atlantic Ocean's 'Heat Engine' Chills Down by Christopher Joyce. All Things Considered, National Public Radio, 30 Nov, 2005.
15. ^ Gerlach: Marine Pollution, Springer, Berlin (1975)

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/geoghist/histories/history/hiscountries/A/atlanticocean.html

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/oceans/atlantic.html

Much of this article comes from the public domain site http://oceanographer.navy.mil/atlantic.html (dead link). It is now accessible from the Internet Archive at http://web.archive.org/web/20020221215514/http%3a//oceanographer.navy.mil/atlantic.html.

• Disclaimers for this website, including its status as a public domain resource, are recorded on the Internet Archive at http://web.archive.org/web/20020212021049/http%3a//oceanographer.navy.mil/warning.html.

[edit] Bibliography

• Simon Winchester. Atlantic: A Vast Ocean of a Million Stories. HarperCollins, 2010. ISBN 9780007341375 [Alternative title: Atlantic: The Biography of an Ocean]

[edit] External links

Find more about Atlantic Ocean on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Definitions from Wiktionary
	Images and media from Commons
	Source texts from Wikisource

• LA Times special Altered Oceans
• Oceanography Image of the Day, from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
• NOAA In-situ Ocean Data Viewer Plot and download ocean observations
• Atlantic Ocean entry at The World Factbook
• 0°N 30°W / 0°N 30°W / 0; -30Coordinates: 0°N 30°W / 0°N 30°W / 0; -30
• Oceans at the Open Directory Project

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Contents

[hide]

• 1 Extent
• 2 Geology
• 3 History
  • 3.1 European exploration
• 4 Geography
  • 4.1 2006 earthquake
  • 4.2 Maritime boundary delimitation agreements
• 5 Biota
• 6 Pollution
  • 6.1 Ixtoc I explosion and oil spill
  • 6.2 Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill
• 7 See also
• 8 References
• 9 External links

 

• Resource Database for Gulf of Mexico Research
• Gulf of Mexico Integrated Science
•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Mexico, Gulf of". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 
•  "Mexico, Gulf of". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. 

[hide]v · d · eEarth's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf · Barents Sea · Beaufort Sea · Bering Strait · Chukchi Sea · East Siberian Sea · Fram Strait · Greenland Sea · Gulf of Boothia · Kara Sea · Kara Strait · Laptev Sea · Lincoln Sea · Prince Gustav Adolf Sea · Pechora Sea · Wandel Sea · White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea · Aegean Sea · Alboran Sea · Archipelago Sea · Argentine Sea · Baffin Bay · Balearic Sea · Baltic Sea · Bay of Biscay · Bay of Bothnia · Bay of Campeche · Bay of Fundy · Black Sea · Bothnian Sea · Caribbean Sea · Celtic Sea · Davis Strait · Denmark Strait · English Channel · Foxe Basin · Greenland Sea · Gulf of Bothnia · Gulf of Finland · Gulf of Lion · Gulf of Guinea · Gulf of Mexico · Gulf of St. Lawrence · Gulf of Venezuela · Hudson Bay · James Bay · Ionian Sea · Irish Sea · Irminger Sea · Labrador Sea · Levantine Sea · Libyan Sea · Ligurian Sea · Marmara Sea · Mediterranean Sea · Myrtoan Sea · North Sea · Norwegian Sea · Sargasso Sea · Sea of Åland · Sea of Azov · Sea of Crete · Sea of the Hebrides · Thracian Sea · Tyrrhenian Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea · Arabian Sea · Bay of Bengal · Gulf of Aden · Gulf of Aqaba · Gulf of Khambhat · Gulf of Kutch · Gulf of Oman · Gulf of Suez · Laccadive Sea · Mozambique Channel · Persian Gulf · Red Sea · Strait of Malacca · Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea · Bali Sea · Banda Sea · Bering Sea · Bismarck Sea · Bohai Sea · Bohol Sea · Camotes Sea · Celebes Sea · Ceram Sea · Chilean Sea · Coral Sea · East China Sea · Flores Sea · Gulf of Alaska · Gulf of California · Gulf of Carpentaria · Gulf of Thailand · Gulf of Tonkin · Halmahera Sea · Java Sea · Koro Sea · Makassar Strait · Molucca Sea · Moro Gulf · Philippine Sea · Salish Sea · Savu Sea · Sea of Japan · Sea of Okhotsk · Seto Inland Sea · Sibuyan Sea · Solomon Sea · South China Sea · Sulu Sea · Tasman Sea · Visayan Sea · Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea · Bellingshausen Sea · Cooperation Sea · Cosmonauts Sea · Davis Sea · D'Urville Sea · King Haakon VII Sea · Lazarev Sea · Riiser-Larsen Sea · Mawson Sea · Ross Sea · Scotia Sea · Somov Sea · Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea · Caspian Sea · Dead Sea · Great Lakes · Lake Balkhash · Lake Baikal · Salton Sea

[hide]v · d · ePetroleum industry Petroleum · Primary energy Companies Major petroleum companies Supermajors BP · Chevron · ConocoPhillips · ExxonMobil · Royal Dutch Shell · Total National oil companies ADNOC · China National Offshore Oil Corporation · CNPC · Iraq National Oil Company · Kuwait Petroleum Corporation · NIOC · Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation · Oil and Natural Gas Corporation · Orlen · Pertamina · Petrobras · Petronas · PDVSA · Qatar Petroleum · Rosneft · Saudi Aramco · Sonatrach Other integrated BG Group · Eni · Gazprom (Gazprom Neft) · Lukoil · Nippon Oil · Occidental Petroleum · OMV · PetroChina · Reliance Petroleum · Repsol YPF · Sinopec · Statoil · Suncor Energy · Surgutneftegas · TNK-BP Major services companies AMEC · Baker Hughes · CGGVeritas · CH2M HILL · China Oilfield Services · Ensco · GE Oil & Gas · Halliburton · Petrofac · Saipem · Schlumberger · Transocean · Weatherford International · Wood Group Data Natural gas Consumption · Production · Reserves · Imports · Exports · Price of natural gas Petroleum Consumption · Production · Reserves · Imports · Exports · Price of petroleum · Price of gasoline and diesel Exploration and production Exploration Core sampling · Geophysics · Petroleum engineering (Reservoir simulation · Seismic to simulation) · Petroleum geology · Petrophysics · Reflection seismology (Seismic inversion) · Seismic source Drilling Blowouts · Completion (Squeeze job) · Differential sticking · Directional drilling (Measurement · Geosteering) · Drilling engineering · Drilling fluid · Drilling fluid invasion · Drill stem test · Lost circulation · Tracers · Underbalanced drilling · Well logging · Measurement while drilling Production Agreements (Concessions · Production sharing agreements) · Artificial lift (Pumpjack · Submersible pump (ESP) · Gas lift) · Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) (Steam injection · Gas reinjection) · Petroleum product · Pipeline transport · Refining · Water injection · Well intervention · Upstream · Midstream · Downstream · XT History 1967 Oil Embargo · 1973 oil crisis · 1979 energy crisis · 1980s oil glut · 2000s energy crisis · Founders of the petroleum industry · History of petroleum · Nationalization of oil supplies · Seven Sisters · Standard Oil · Oil market timelines Provinces and fields List of natural gas fields · List of oil fields · East Texas · Gulf of Mexico · Niger Delta · North Sea · Persian Gulf · Prudhoe Bay Oil Field · Russia · Venezuela · Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin Research and development Deep Sea Drilling Program · Energy Biosciences Institute · French Institute of Petroleum · IHS · Integrated Ocean Drilling Program · Kola Superdeep Borehole · Project Mohole · TaskForceMajella Other Acronymns · Big Oil · Drill, baby, drill · OPEC · Peak oil (Mitigation · Timing) · Shale gas · Society of Petroleum Engineers · Swing producer · Unconventional oil (Heavy crude oil · Oil sands · Oil shale) Category

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

• Official website
• Mississippi State Databases – Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Mississippi state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association.
• Mississippi Travel and Tourism
• Mississippi Development Authority
• The "Mississippi Believe It" Campaign
• Mississippi State Facts
• University Press of Mississippi
• Mississippi at the Open Directory Project
• Mississippi as Metaphor State, Region, and Nation in Historical Imagination," Southern Spaces, 23 October 2006.
• OpenStreetMap has geographic data related to Mississippi

[edit] Related information

Preceded by Indiana

List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on December 10, 1817 (20th)

Succeeded by Illinois

	Arkansas	Missouri •  Kentucky  Tennessee
			Alabama
		Mississippi: Outline • Index
	Louisiana	Gulf of Mexico	Atlantic Ocean

[hide] Articles Related to Mississippi The Magnolia State [hide]v · d · e State of Mississippi Jackson (capital) Topics Mississippians | Delegations | Governors | Lieutenant Governors | Legislature | State Parks | State Landmarks | Music | History | Geography | Education | Visitor Attractions Regions The Delta | Golden Triangle | Gulf Coast | Mississippi Plain | Natchez District | Pine Belt | Tennessee Valley Metros Gulfport-Biloxi | Hattiesburg | Jackson | Memphis (TN) | Pascagoula Larger cities Biloxi | Clarksdale | Clinton | Columbus | Greenville | Gulfport | Hattiesburg | Jackson | Meridian | Olive Branch | Pascagoula | Pearl | Ridgeland | Southaven | Starkville | Tupelo | Vicksburg Smaller cities Bay St. Louis | Brandon | Brookhaven | Canton | Cleveland | Corinth | Gautier | Greenwood | Grenada | Horn Lake | Indianola | Itta Bena | Laurel | Long Beach | Madison | McComb | Moss Point | Natchez | Ocean Springs | Oxford | Pass Christian | Picayune | Tunica | Waveland | West Hattiesburg (Oak Grove) | West Point | Yazoo City Counties Adams | Alcorn | Amite | Attala | Benton | Bolivar | Calhoun | Carroll | Chickasaw | Choctaw | Claiborne | Clarke | Clay | Coahoma | Copiah | Covington | DeSoto | Forrest | Franklin | George | Greene | Grenada | Hancock | Harrison | Hinds | Holmes | Humphreys | Issaquena | Itawamba | Jackson | Jasper | Jefferson | Jefferson Davis | Jones | Kemper | Lafayette | Lamar | Lauderdale | Lawrence | Leake | Lee | Leflore | Lincoln | Lowndes | Madison | Marion | Marshall | Monroe | Montgomery | Neshoba | Newton | Noxubee | Oktibbeha | Panola | Pearl River | Perry | Pike | Pontotoc | Prentiss | Quitman | Rankin | Scott | Sharkey | Simpson | Smith | Stone | Sunflower | Tallahatchie | Tate | Tippah | Tishomingo | Tunica | Union | Walthall | Warren | Washington | Wayne | Webster | Wilkinson | Winston | Yalobusha | Yazoo [hide]v · d · eFormer Confederate States of America (CSA) Alabama · Arkansas · Florida · Georgia · Kentucky · Louisiana · Mississippi · Missouri · North Carolina · South Carolina · Tennessee · Texas · Virginia Coordinates: 33°N 90°W / 33°N 90°W / 33; -90

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[hide]v · d · ePolitical divisions of the United States States Alabama · Alaska · Arizona · Arkansas · California · Colorado · Connecticut · Delaware · Florida · Georgia · Hawaii · Idaho · Illinois · Indiana · Iowa · Kansas · Kentucky · Louisiana · Maine · Maryland · Massachusetts · Michigan · Minnesota · Mississippi · Missouri · Montana · Nebraska · Nevada · New Hampshire · New Jersey · New Mexico · New York · North Carolina · North Dakota · Ohio · Oklahoma · Oregon · Pennsylvania · Rhode Island · South Carolina · South Dakota · Tennessee · Texas · Utah · Vermont · Virginia · Washington · West Virginia · Wisconsin · Wyoming Federal district Washington, D.C. (District of Columbia) Insular areas American Samoa · Guam · Northern Mariana Islands · Puerto Rico  · U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Bajo Nuevo Bank · Baker Island · Howland Island · Jarvis Island · Johnston Atoll · Kingman Reef · Midway Atoll · Navassa Island · Palmyra Atoll · Serranilla Bank · Wake Island

 

 

 

 

 

 

Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Indigenous peoples, early history 1.3 European settlement 1.4 Statehood, Civil War and Reconstruction 1.5 1900–1960 1.6 1960–present 2 Geography 2.1 Urban areas 2.2 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 Race and ancestry 3.2 Religion 3.3 Health 4 Economy 4.1 Agriculture 4.2 Industry 4.3 Tourism 4.4 Health 4.5 Banking 4.6 Electronics 4.7 Construction 4.8 Transportation 5 Law and government 5.1 State government 5.2 Taxes 5.3 Local and county government 5.4 Politics 5.5 State elections 5.6 Local elections 5.7 Federal elections 6 Education 6.1 Primary and secondary education 6.2 Colleges and universities 7 Sports 7.1 Professional sports teams 8 Transportation 8.1 Air transportation 8.2 Rail 8.3 Roads 8.4 Ports 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links

[edit] History

 

 

• Alabama.gov – Official website.
• Alabama State Guide, from the Library of Congress
• Alabama Association of Regional Councils
• Energy Data & Statistics for Alabama- From the U.S. Department of Energy
• TourAlabama.org – Alabama Department of Tourism and Travel
• All About Alabama, at the Alabama Department of Archives and History
• AlabamaMosaic, a digital repository of materials on Alabama's history, culture, places, and people
• Code of Alabama 1975 – at the Alabama Legislature site
• Alabama at the Open Directory Project
• USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Alabama
• Alabama QuickFacts from the U.S. Census Bureau
• Alabama State Fact Sheet from the U.S. Department of Agriculture

		Tennessee
	Mississippi		Georgia (U.S. state)
		Alabama: Outline • Index
	Gulf of Mexico	Florida

[hide] Articles related to Alabama The Heart of Dixie [hide]v · d · e State of Alabama Montgomery (capital) Topics History · Geography · People · Delegations · Government · Governors · Lieutenant Governors · Metropolitan Areas · Visitor Attractions · National Historic Landmarks Regions Atlantic Coastal Plain · Birmingham District · Black Belt · Central Alabama · Cumberland Plateau · Greater Birmingham · Gulf Coastal Plain · Lower Alabama · Mobile Bay · North Alabama · Northeast Alabama · Northwest Alabama · Piedmont · Ridge and Valley · River Region · South Alabama · Tennessee Valley · Wiregrass Region Metros Greater Birmingham · Montgomery Metro Area · Mobile Metro Area · Huntsville Metro Area Larger cities Anniston · Auburn · Birmingham · Decatur · Dothan · Florence · Gadsden · Hoover · Huntsville · Madison · Mobile · Montgomery · Tuscaloosa Counties Autauga · Baldwin · Barbour · Bibb · Blount · Bullock · Butler · Calhoun · Chambers · Cherokee · Chilton · Choctaw · Clarke · Clay · Cleburne · Coffee · Colbert · Conecuh · Coosa · Covington · Crenshaw · Cullman · Dale · Dallas · DeKalb · Elmore · Escambia · Etowah · Fayette · Franklin · Geneva · Greene · Hale · Henry · Houston · Jackson · Jefferson · Lamar · Lauderdale · Lawrence · Lee · Limestone · Lowndes · Macon · Madison · Marengo · Marion · Marshall · Mobile · Monroe · Montgomery · Morgan · Perry · Pickens · Pike · Randolph · Russell · Shelby · St. Clair · Sumter · Talladega · Tallapoosa · Tuscaloosa · Walker · Washington · Wilcox · Winston [hide]v · d · eMayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Alabama     William A. Bell (Birmingham) Todd Strange (Montgomery) Samuel L. Jones (Mobile) Tommy Battle (Huntsville) Other states: AL • AK • AZ • AR • CA • CO  • CT • DE  • FL  • GA  • HI  • ID  • IL  • IN  • IA  • KS  • KY  • LA  • ME  • MD  • MA  • MI  • MN  • MS  • MO  • MT  • NE  • NV  • NH  • NJ  • NM  • NY  • NC  • ND  • OH  • OK  • OR  • PA  • RI  • SC  • SD  • TN  • TX  • UT  • VT  • VA  • WA  • WV  • WI  • WY [hide]v · d · eFormer Confederate States of America (CSA) Alabama · Arkansas · Florida · Georgia · Kentucky · Louisiana · Mississippi · Missouri · North Carolina · South Carolina · Tennessee · Texas · Virginia [hide]v · d · eProtected Areas of Alabama Federal National Parks and Historic Sites Horseshoe Bend National Military Park  • Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site  • Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site National Monuments Russell Cave National Monument National Forests Conecuh • Talladega • Tuskegee • William B. Bankhead National Wildlife Refuges Bon Secour • Cahaba River • Choctaw • Eufaula • Fern Cave • Key Cave • Mountain Longleaf • Santa Cave • Watercress Darter • Wheeler Other Protected Areas Little River Canyon National Preserve • Natchez Trace Trail • Pinhoti National Recreation Trail • Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail • Weeks Bay Reserve Wilderness Areas Cheaha Wilderness • Dugger Mountain Wilderness • Sipsey Wilderness State State Parks Bladon Springs • Blue Springs • Buck's Pocket • Cathedral Caverns • Chattahoochee • Cheaha • Chewacla • Chickasaw • DeSoto • Florala • Frank Jackson • Gulf • Joe Wheeler • Lake Guntersville • Lake Lurleen • Lakepoint • Meaher • Monte Sano • Oak Mountain • Paul M. Grist • Rickwood Caverns • Roland Cooper • Wind Creek State Forests Fayette • Geneva • Little River • Saint Stephens • Weogufka Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (web)

[hide]v · d · ePolitical divisions of the United States States Alabama · Alaska · Arizona · Arkansas · California · Colorado · Connecticut · Delaware · Florida · Georgia · Hawaii · Idaho · Illinois · Indiana · Iowa · Kansas · Kentucky · Louisiana · Maine · Maryland · Massachusetts · Michigan · Minnesota · Mississippi · Missouri · Montana · Nebraska · Nevada · New Hampshire · New Jersey · New Mexico · New York · North Carolina · North Dakota · Ohio · Oklahoma · Oregon · Pennsylvania · Rhode Island · South Carolina · South Dakota · Tennessee · Texas · Utah · Vermont · Virginia · Washington · West Virginia · Wisconsin · Wyoming Federal district Washington, D.C. (District of Columbia) Insular areas American Samoa · Guam · Northern Mariana Islands · Puerto Rico  · U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Bajo Nuevo Bank · Baker Island · Howland Island · Jarvis Island · Johnston Atoll · Kingman Reef · Midway Atoll · Navassa Island · Palmyra Atoll · Serranilla Bank · Wake Island

[hide]v · d · e United States  (Outline) History Timeline Pre-Columbian era · Colonial era (Thirteen Colonies · Colonial American military history) · American Revolution (War) · Federalist Era · War of 1812 · Territorial acquisitions · Territorial evolution · Mexican–American War · Civil War · Reconstruction era · Indian Wars · Gilded Age · African-American Civil Rights Movement (1896–1954) · Spanish–American War · Imperialism · World War I · Roaring Twenties · Great Depression · World War II (Home front) · Cold War · Korean War · Space Race · African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968) · Feminist Movement · Vietnam War · Post-Cold War (1991–present) · War on Terror (War in Afghanistan · Iraq War) Topics Demographic · Discoveries · Economic (Debt Ceiling)  · Inventions (before 1890 · 1890–1945 · 1946–1991 · after 1991) · Military · Postal · Technological and industrial Federal government     Law Constitution  · Federalism  · Preemption  · Separation of powers Bill of Rights  · Civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Legislature - Congress Senate  · Vice President  · President pro tem House of Representatives  · Speaker Judiciary - Supreme Court Federal courts Courts of appeal District courts Executive - President Executive Office Cabinet / Executive departments Civil service Independent agencies Law enforcement Public policy Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency National Security Agency Uniformed Services Dept. of Defense  · Air Force  · Army  · Marine Corps  · Navy  · National Guard Dept. of Homeland Security  · Coast Guard Dept. of Commerce  · NOAA Corps Dept. of Health & Human Services  · Public Health Service Corps Politics Divisions · Elections (Electoral College) · Foreign policy · Foreign relations · Ideologies · Local governments · Parties (Democratic Party · Republican Party · Third parties) · Political status of Puerto Rico · Red states and blue states · Scandals · State governments · Uncle Sam Geography Cities, towns, and villages · Counties · Extreme points · Islands · Mountains (Peaks · Appalachian · Rocky) · National Park System · Regions (Great Plains · Mid-Atlantic · Midwestern · New England · Northwestern · Southern · Southwestern · Pacific · Western) · Rivers (Colorado · Columbia · Mississippi · Missouri · Ohio · Rio Grande) · States · Territory · Water supply and sanitation Economy Agriculture · Banking · Communications · Companies · Dollar · Energy · Federal Budget · Federal Reserve System · Financial position · Insurance · Mining · Public debt · Taxation · Tourism · Trade · Transportation · Wall Street Society Topics Crime · Demographics · Education · Family structure · Health care · Health insurance · Incarceration · Languages (American English · Spanish · French) · Media · People · Public holidays · Religion · Sports Social class Affluence · American Dream · Educational attainment · Homelessness · Homeownership · Household income · Income inequality · Middle class · Personal income · Poverty · Professional and working class conflict · Standard of living · Wealth Culture Architecture · Art · Cinema · Cuisine · Dance · Fashion · Flag · Folklore · Literature · Music · Philosophy · Radio · Television · Theater Issues Abortion · Affirmative action · Anti-Americanism · Capital punishment · Drug policy · Energy policy · Environmental movement · Exceptionalism · Gun politics · Health care reform · Human rights · Immigration · Illegal Immigration · LGBT rights (Same-sex marriage) · Obesity · Racism · Terrorism Book · Category · Portal · WikiProject